class 12 notes English ka 2025
Here are ten important questions based on the topics you mentioned, ideal for Class 12 students, with a focus on Narration, Synthesis, Transformation, Syntax, Idioms/Phrasal Verbs, Synonyms, Antonyms, One-word Substitution, and Homophones.
1. Narration (Reported Speech)
Question: Convert the following into indirect speech:
She said, “I am going to the market today.”
2. Synthesis of Sentences
Question: Combine the following two sentences into one:
He was tired. He went to bed early.
3. Transformation of Sentences
Question: Change the following sentence into a negative form:
She always helps her friends.
4. Syntax (Sentence Structure)
Question: Rearrange the following words to form a meaningful sentence:
books / read / I / the / every / library / in / time / my.
5. Idioms and Phrasal Verbs
Question: Choose the correct meaning of the idiom:
“To cut corners”
A) To take shortcuts
B) To increase the size
C) To make something more difficult
D) To add extra effort
6. Synonyms
Question: Choose the synonym of the word “Rapid”:
A) Slow
B) Quick
C) Unsteady
D) Dull
7. Antonyms
Question: Choose the antonym of the word “Gloomy”:
A) Sad
B) Bright
C) Dark
D) Pessimistic
8. One-word Substitution
Question: What is the one-word substitution for a person who cannot speak?
A) Mute
B) Deaf
C) Dumb
D) Blind
9. Homophones
Question: Which of the following pairs are homophones?
A) Brake and Break
B) Write and Right
C) Pair and Pear
D) All of the above
10. Translation from Hindi to English
Question: Translate the following passage into English:
“वह स्कूल से घर आकर अपना होमवर्क करता है। उसके बाद, वह टीवी देखता है और फिर सोने जाता है। उसके माता-पिता उसे हमेशा मेहनत करने के लिए प्रेरित करते हैं।”
Sample Answer for Translation:
Answer:
“He comes home from school and does his homework. After that, he watches TV and then goes to sleep. His parents always encourage him to work hard.”
These questions cover a broad range of topics that are important for Class 12 exams. You can use these as a practice set or in mock tests for better preparation.
Here are 50 important notes for Class 12 students to prepare for the 2025 exams, covering a wide range of important topics, which can help in various sections of the English syllabus.
1. Narration (Reported Speech)
- In indirect speech, the tense changes according to the rules (e.g., present tense to past tense).
- In questions, “said” becomes “asked.”
- For imperatives, use “told” or “ordered.”
- No change in modals such as can, will, etc.
2. Synthesis of Sentences
- Conjunctions like and, but, so, although, because can be used to combine sentences.
- Use of semicolon (;) to combine independent clauses without a conjunction.
- Use participles or infinitives to avoid repetition.
3. Transformation of Sentences
- Affirmative to Negative: “She always helps her friends” becomes “She never helps her friends.”
- Interrogative to Assertive: “Did she go?” becomes “She went.”
- Active to Passive: “He wrote a letter” becomes “A letter was written by him.”
4. Syntax (Sentence Structure)
- Correct word order: Subject + Verb + Object.
- Subject-Verb Agreement: Singular subject, singular verb; plural subject, plural verb.
- Complex and Compound Sentences: Use conjunctions like if, because, since to connect clauses.
5. Idioms and Phrasal Verbs
- Phrasal Verbs: “Break down” (stop working), “Give up” (quit), “Turn up” (arrive).
- Idioms: “Spill the beans” (reveal a secret), “Bite the bullet” (face something difficult).
6. Synonyms
- Happy: Joyful, Content, Cheerful.
- Important: Significant, Crucial, Vital.
- Strong: Powerful, Sturdy, Resilient.
7. Antonyms
- Bright: Dull, Dark.
- Increase: Decrease, Diminish.
- Safe: Dangerous, Risky.
8. One-word Substitution
- A person who studies plants: Botanist.
- A person who studies animals: Zoologist.
- A person who writes books: Author.
9. Homophones
- Bail/Bale: Bail (to release), Bale (a large bundle).
- Cereal/Serial: Cereal (a breakfast food), Serial (a sequence).
- Aloud/Allowed: Aloud (spoken out loud), Allowed (permitted).
10. Spelling Rules
- I before E except after C: Believe, Receive.
- Doubling consonants when adding a suffix: “Run” becomes “Running.”
11. Clauses
- Independent clause: Can stand alone.
- Dependent clause: Cannot stand alone.
- Relative Clause: Describes nouns and starts with who, which, that.
12. Use of Articles
- “A” is used before words beginning with a consonant sound.
- “An” is used before words beginning with a vowel sound.
- “The” is used to refer to something specific or known.
13. Conjunctions
- Coordinating Conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS).
- Subordinating Conjunctions: Because, Since, If, When.
- Correlative Conjunctions: Neither…nor, Either…or.
14. Prepositions
- Place: In, On, At.
- Time: Before, After, During.
- Movement: To, From, Across, Through.
15. Tenses
- Present Simple: I read.
- Present Continuous: I am reading.
- Past Simple: I read yesterday.
- Past Continuous: I was reading.
- Future Simple: I will read.
16. Voice
- Active Voice: Subject performs the action.
- Passive Voice: Subject receives the action.
- Example: “She writes a letter” becomes “A letter is written by her.”
17. Punctuation
- Comma (,): Separate items in a list or clauses.
- Full Stop (.): End a statement.
- Question Mark (?): End a question.
- Exclamation Mark (!): End an exclamation.
18. Figures of Speech
- Simile: Comparing using “like” or “as.”
- Metaphor: Direct comparison.
- Personification: Giving human qualities to inanimate objects.
- Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds.
19. Modal Verbs
- Can/Could: Ability, possibility.
- May/Might: Permission, possibility.
- Should/Ought to: Advice, obligation.
- Must: Strong obligation.
20. Direct and Indirect Objects
- Direct objects answer “What?” or “Whom?” after the verb.
- Indirect objects answer “To whom?” or “For whom?” the action is done.
21. Subject-Verb Agreement
- Singular subject takes singular verb (e.g., He goes).
- Plural subject takes plural verb (e.g., They go).
22. Reported Questions
- In direct speech, use question marks.
- In indirect speech, do not use a question mark and change the word order.
- Example: “What is your name?” → He asked what his name was.
23. Active and Passive Voice
- Active voice focuses on the doer of the action, passive voice focuses on the receiver.
- Example: “She cooks dinner” → “Dinner is cooked by her.”
24. Transformation of Affirmative to Negative
- Example: “I am going to the party.” → “I am not going to the party.”
25. Expansion of Ideas
- Develop a statement into a paragraph.
- Include reasons, examples, and consequences.
26. Vocabulary Building
- Roots: Understanding root words like bene (good) helps in deciphering meanings.
- Prefixes and Suffixes: Un-, re-, -ful, -ness.
27. Commonly Confused Words
- Affect (verb) vs. Effect (noun).
- Accept vs. Except.
28. Common Mistakes
- Use of tenses: “I have seen him yesterday” is incorrect; it should be “I saw him yesterday.”
- Prepositions: “I am good in math” is incorrect; it should be “I am good at math.”
29. Letter Writing (Formal/Informal)
- Formal Letters: Start with “Dear Sir/Madam”, end with “Yours sincerely.”
- Informal Letters: Begin with “Dear [Name]”, end with “Best regards.”
30. Essay Writing
- Structure: Introduction, Body Paragraphs, Conclusion.
- Use a thesis statement in the introduction.
- Support ideas with examples and evidence.
31. Descriptive Writing
- Describe a person, place, or event in detail using sensory imagery.
- Structure: Introduction, Body, Conclusion.
32. Reading Comprehension
- Read carefully, underline key points.
- Look for the main idea, supporting details, and conclusions.
33. Precis Writing
- Shorten the original passage while keeping the main ideas intact.
- Avoid unnecessary details and repetitions.
34. Expansion of an Idea
- Expand the given topic or idea into a coherent paragraph.
- Provide examples and explanations.
35. Paragraph Writing
- Stick to one central idea.
- Use topic sentences to introduce the paragraph.
- Support with facts or examples.
36. Prepositional Phrases
- Prepositions + object of the preposition: “in the house,” “on the table.”
37. Adjectives and Adverbs
- Adjectives modify nouns (e.g., beautiful house).
- Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., ran quickly).
38. Simple vs. Complex Sentences
- Simple sentence: Contains one independent clause.
- Complex sentence: Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
39. Word Power
- Use a thesaurus to find synonyms and expand vocabulary.
- Learn antonyms to understand words better.
40. Use of Conjunctions
- Use coordinating conjunctions to join clauses of equal importance.
- Use subordinating conjunctions to show relationships between clauses.
41. Role of Modifiers
- Modifiers clarify or describe nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
- Place modifiers next to what they modify to avoid confusion.
42. Adverbial Phrases
- Time: “In the morning,” “At midnight.”
- Place: “At the park,” “On the table.”
43. Clauses of Condition
- If clauses: Zero conditional (If you heat water, it boils), First conditional (If it rains, we will go inside).
44. Past Perfect Tense
- Used to show an action that was completed before another action in the past.
- Example: “She had left when I arrived.”
45. Future Tenses
- Will for predictions and promises (e.g., “I will call you tomorrow”).
- Be going to for planned actions (e.g., “I am going to meet her”).
46. Avoiding Ambiguity
- Be clear and precise with sentence structure to avoid confusion.
- Example: “I saw the man with the telescope” can be clarified as “I saw the man holding the telescope.”
47. Choosing the Correct Preposition
- Interested in, Good at, Look after, Believe in.
48. Word Order
- Adjectives usually precede the noun (e.g., “A big house”).
- Adverbs typically follow verbs (e.g., “She sings beautifully”).
49. Conditional Sentences
- Zero Conditional: Facts. Example: If you heat ice, it melts.
- First Conditional: Possible events. Example: If it rains, I will stay home.
- Second Conditional: Hypothetical events. Example: If I were you, I would study harder.
- Third Conditional: Past unreal situations. Example: If I had known, I would have helped.
50. Subject-Object Agreement
- The subject must agree with the verb in number and person (e.g., “She writes,” “They write”).
These notes are designed to cover the most important aspects of English grammar, writing, and comprehension for Class 12 students. They provide a solid foundation for preparing for the 2025 exams.